Pay gap pioneer Claudia Goldin wins Nobel economics prize

Goldin, who in 1990 became the first woman to be tenured at Harvard’s economics department, is only the third woman to win the Nobel economics prize – and the first to win it by herself rather than sharing it.

She hailed the decision as “an award for big ideas and for long-term change”.

“There are still large differences between women and men in terms of what they do, how they’re remunerated and so on,” Ms Goldin told Reuters at her home in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

“And the question is, why is this the case? And that’s what the work is about.”

Ms Goldin’s 1990 book, Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women, was an influential examination of the roots of wage inequality.

She has followed up with studies on the impact of the contraceptive pill on women’s career and marriage decisions, women’s surnames after marriage as a social indicator and the reasons why women are now the majority of undergraduates.

“Claudia Goldin’s discoveries have vast societal implications,” said Randi Hjalmarsson, member of the Economic Prize committee. “She has shown us that the nature of this problem or the source of this underlying gender gap changes throughout history and with the course of development.”

Ms Hjalmarsson quoted Ms Goldin’s own words: “By finally understanding the problem and calling it by the right name, we will be able to pave a better route forward.”

While it is illegal across much of the world for employers to discriminate based on gender, women still face significant shortfalls in pay compared to men.

In the US, women last year earned on average 82 per cent of what men earned, Pew Research Centre analysis shows. In Europe, women earned 13 per cent on average less per hour than men in 2021, European Commission data shows.

Ms Goldin’s work showed that while there has been progress in narrowing the gap over past decades, there is little evidence of it fully closing any time soon.

She has attributed the gap to factors ranging from outright discrimination to phenomena such as “greedy work”, a term she coined for jobs that pay disproportionately more per hour when someone works longer or has less control over those hours – effectively penalising women who need to seek flexible labour.

The economics award is not one of the original prizes for science, literature and peace created in the will of dynamite inventor and businessman Alfred Nobel, but a later addition established and funded by Sweden’s central bank in 1968.

The first economics prize was awarded the following year and past winners include a host of influential thinkers and academics such Friedrich August von Hayek, Milton Friedman and, more recently, US economist Paul Krugman.

Last year, a trio of US economists including former US Federal Reserve chairman Ben Bernanke won for their research on how regulating banks and propping up failing lenders with public cash can stave off an even deeper economic crisis, such as the Great Depression of the 1930s.

As with the other Nobel prizes, the vast majority of the economics awards have gone to men. Only two women have previously landed one – Elinor Ostrom in 2009 and Esther Duflo a decade later.

Reuters